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| − | ## LINUX COMMANDS ##
| + | == Useful Commands and Info == |
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| − | cd # Home directory or changes directory
| + | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | cd .. # Up a directory and to up 2 directories ../.. and so on
| + | ls-al # lists all in current directory |
| − | cd - # Returns you to the directory you previously were in
| + | </source> |
| − | cd / # Changes directory to root
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| − | ls # Lists the files that are in a directory
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| − | ls –a # Shows all files/hidden files in a directory
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| − | ls –al # Shows all files/hidden files and time/write permissions in a directory
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| − | ls -alh # Shows same as above command but shows file sizes in a better readable format
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| − | ls -l # Shows the files and write permissions in the directory
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| − | ls / # Shows the contents of the root directory
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| − | cat <file name. extension> # Prints the contents of a file on the shell
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| − | mkdir <Directory Name> # Makes a directory
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| − | mkdir -p EXAMPLE/RIGHT/IN/HERE # Makes multiple folders in the directory created
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| − | mv /FILE/NAME/OR/DIR /TO/DIR/WANTED # Moves a file to a directory or renames a file
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| − | rm <FILE NAME> # Removes a file
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| − | rmdir <DIRECTORY> # Removes an empty directory
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| − | rm –r # Removes a directory and its contents
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| − | rm -rf # Force deletes everything
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| − | rm –rf / # Deletes everything under root directory
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| − | sudo # Runs command as sudo
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| − | sudo -i # Changes to root privellages
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| − | sudo su # Gives SUPERUSER privellages
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| − | man <COMMAND> # Displays how a command can be used and what it does
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| − | grep # searching, finding, filtering command
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| − | top # Shows running processes
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| − | htop # Shows more information than top and in more detail
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| − | ps -A # Shows all running processes
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| − | kill PID # Kills process under a certain PID
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| − | kill -9 PID # Force kills a process that wont kill normally
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| − | sudo killall NAME # Kill all processes under the NAME
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| − | sudo pkill -u USER # Kills all USER processes
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| − | head FILENAME # Prints the first 10 lines
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| − | tail FILENAME # Prints the last 10 lines
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| − | clear # Clears the screen
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| − | pwd # Print working directory
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| − | <file name. extension> # Makes a file in current directory ##unsure of this##
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| − | cal # Shows current calender date (also cal mm/yy)
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| − | whatis # Type a command after to see a brief description of what it does/is
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| − | adduser USERNAME # Create a USER
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| − | adduser USERNAME sudo # Adds USER to the sudo group
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| − | who # Shows current users on the machine and when they logged in
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| − | w # Shows whos logged in, from where, how long and what they're doing
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| − | nano # Edit a text file
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| − | vi # Nano is better...
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| − | vim # Another editor... type vimtutor on commandline to learn more
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| − | sort # Sort lines of text files
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| − | wc # Wordcount a text file
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| − | rig # Random Identity Generator
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| − | apt-cache search # ??
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| | | | |
| | + | <source lang="bash"> |
| | + | rm -rf FILENAMEHERE # deletes files or directories |
| | + | </source> |
| | | | |
| − | ## SYSTEM INFO ##
| + | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | dmidecode | less # Shows bios information
| + | chmod +x FILENAME # sets all permissions |
| − | lscpu # Shows cpu/hardware information
| + | </source> |
| − | lspci # List all PCI devices
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| − | lsusb # List all USB devices
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| − | lsblk # List all Hard disks, Cd drives etc
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| − | cat /proc/meminfo # Shows memory information
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| − | cat /proc/version # Shows current running kernal version
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| | | | |
| | + | <source lang="bash"> |
| | + | mv /FILE/NAME /NEW/LOCATION # moves files |
| | + | </source> |
| | | | |
| | + | <source lang="bash"> |
| | + | mv /FILE/NAME NEWFILENAMEHERE # renames the file |
| | + | </source> |
| | | | |
| − | ## SHUTDOWN/REBOOT ##
| + | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | shutdown -r +60 # restarts in 60mins
| + | pwd # prints working directory |
| − | shutdown -h +60 # shutdown in 60mins
| + | </source> |
| − | poweroff # shuts system down
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| − | reboot # restarts computer
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| − | init 6 # same as reboot
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| | | | |
| | + | <source lang="bash"> |
| | + | top # shows all running processes |
| | + | </source> |
| | | | |
| | + | <source lang="bash"> |
| | + | kill xxxx # choose the process number to kill the running application |
| | + | </source> |
| | | | |
| − | ## HANDY THINGS TO REMEMBER ##
| + | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | CTRL r # to search for previously used COMMAND
| + | tar xzvf FILENAME # extracts zip files |
| − | CTRL p # shows previously used COMMAND
| + | </source> |
| − | CTRL a # brings you to begin of line
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| − | CTRL e # brings to the end of line
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| − | tail -f FILENAME # this will follow the file while it's being edited
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| − | echo "some kind of text" > example.text # this will overwrite the .text file with the quoted line
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| − | echo "new line of text" >> example.text # this will write the quoted line on a new line
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| − | alias COMMANDNAME="DESIREDNAME" # this will temporarily save a command to the desired name
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| − | echo "alias COMMANDNAME=\"DESIREDNAME\";" >> ~/.bashrc # this will permanently save a desired command to the bash file
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| − | && # chain commands together
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| | | | |
| | + | <source lang="bash"> |
| | + | crontab -e # access boot services |
| | + | </source> |
| | | | |
| | + | <source lang="bash"> |
| | + | @reboot<TAB> /DESTINATION/OF/FILE/FILENAME # Run a program when rebooting NOTE!! I have to put this in the crontab -e config |
| | + | </source> |
| | | | |
| − | ## NETWORKING ##
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| − | ifconfig # Shows network info IP/MAC address
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| − | sudo netdiscover # Shows who's on the network and identifies the ip address of each connection
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| − | sudo lsof -i # Lists the open ports and the process that owns them (to see which process is bound to port use :PORTNUMBER)
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| − | sudo netstat # Seeing what might be exposed to the network
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| − | sudo netstat -tulpn # t=tcp, u=udp ports, l=listening ports, p=processes, n=numerical
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| − | sudo macchanger -s enp4s0/eth0/wps/ # To see mac addresses
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| − | sudo macchanger -r enp4s0 # Changes the current mac address to a new one
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| − | ssh -NCD 1080 user@ip # Proxy network traffic over port 1080 (edit below settings on firefox to port traffic correctly)
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| − | Manual Proxy Configuration
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| − | Socks Host: localhost
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| − | port: 1080
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| | | | |
| − | | + | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | | + | ifconfig # shows internet config |
| − | ## EXAMPLES OF THINGS ##
| + | </source> |
| − | ls -alh /home/user/some/random/place >> ANYNAME # cat ANYNAME to see it show the directory with info
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| − | grep WHATEVERSEARCHINGFOR ./* # Useful for findings things.. If successful this will print out what it finds in the shell
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| − | ## SSH ##
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| − | ssh-keygen -t # creates a key in .ssh
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| − | sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config # change ssh parameters (key logging/password authentication)
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| − | sudo service ssh restart # saves ssh modifications
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| − | ssh-copy-id USER@IP # saves the pub key to be known as an authenticated key
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| − | scp -r USER@IP /home/USER/FILE/FOLDER /home/local/machine # copy from server to localmachine
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| − | scp -r /home/USER/local/machine/file/folder USER@IP:/home/USER/VPS
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| − | | |
| − | ## RANDOM PASSWORD GENERATORS ##
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| − | openssl rand -base64 32 # generates random 32 character password
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| − | </dev/urandom tr -dc 'A-Za-z0-9!"#$%&'\''()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~' | head -c 10 ; echo # Sauls random character/symbol generated password command
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| − | | |
| − | ## SYSTEM COMMANDS/SERVICES ##
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| − | sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install # Updates n upgrades system to latest
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| − | crontab -e # the crontab (short for "cron table") is a list of commands that are scheduled to run at regular time intervals on your computer system
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| − | sudo nano /etc/default/grub # change grub options (boot timer)
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| − | | |
| − | ## CRONTAB SCRIPT COMMANDS ##
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| − | @reboot macchanger -r enp4s0 # (or eth0) # changes to random mac address on each reboot
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| − | ## MAIL ##
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| − | mail # Checks mail for current user
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| − | mail -s "SUBJECT" USER < /home/USER/test.text # sends a mail to the user with test.text as the body
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| − | mail -f USER # Checks mail for selected user
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| − | mail -f guest # checks guest messages
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| − | | |
| − | ## PIPING & REDIRECTION ##
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| − | cat /FILE/IN/A/DIRECTORY | less # Shows in a opened document view without clogging the terminal
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| − | cat /FILE/IN/A/DIRECTORY | espeak # Speaks the text document in linux voice
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| − | | |
| − | ## FILE PERMISSIONS ##
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| − | (R)ead=4
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| − | (W)rite=2
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| − | (X)ecute=1
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| − | d=directory
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| − | l=link
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| − | 4+2+1 = (r+w+x) = 7
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| − | 4+2 = (r+w) = 6
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| − | 4+1 = (r+x) = 5
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| − | 4 = (r) = 4
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| − | 2+1 = (w+x) = 3
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| − | 2 = (w) = 2
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| − | 1 = (x) = 1
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| − | chmod xxx dir # Change all files in a single directories permissions
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| − | chmod -R xxx dir # Change all file/folders permissions recursively
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| − | chown owner:group DIRECTORYNAME # Changes the owner and group name of files
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| − | ## ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT ##
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| − | useradd # Adds a user
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| − | useradd -m -d # Create a new user and makes a home directory for the user and define the home directory /home/DIR/FOR/USER
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| − | userdel # Deletes a user
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| − | usermod -L USER # Locks the user from logging in
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| − | usermod -U USER # Unlocks the user so they can log in again
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| − | tail /etc/shadow
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| − | tail /etc/passwd
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| − | tail /etc/group
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| − | #Note users will have a "!" after their name if they are locked out of their account
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| − | to check this type in the following command "tail /etc/shadow"
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| − | | |
| − | ## GIT ##
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| − | git add . # add all files for committing
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| − | git commit -am "COMMIT MESSAGE" # commit the changes locally
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| − | git push origin master # push changes to the server
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| − | | |
| − | ==Commands for VPS==
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| | | | |
| | <source lang="bash"> | | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | scp /home/USER root@MY-VPS-IP:home/USER # sends files from localmachine to VPS
| + | whoami # shows current user |
| | </source> | | </source> |
| | | | |
| | <source lang="bash"> | | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | scp root@VPSIP:/INSERT_FILE_DIRECTORY_HERE /home/USER/WHEREVER # sends files VPS to PC (to do a whole folder) put -r eg.. scp -r /home/USER/FOLDER root@MY-VPS-UP:/home/USER
| + | ps # shows running processes |
| | </source> | | </source> |
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| | <source lang="bash"> | | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | ssh -NCD 1080 USER@SERVERIP # go to firefox change to manual proxy and enter for Port 1080, no proxy for:localhost, 127.0.0.1 ## this will show put traffic through a VPN
| + | sudo nano etc/default/grub # grub info |
| | </source> | | </source> |
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| | <source lang="bash"> | | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | 1. Firstly change the ssh password authentication to yes
| + | sudo update-grub # update after making edits to grub |
| − | sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config # modifies ssh parameters | |
| − | 2. ssh-copy-id NAME@IP # this uploads pub key to authorized keys
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| − | 3. sudo service ssh restart
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| − | # If you want to rename for faster access do the following | |
| − | sudo nano /etc/hosts #add a new line and put IP_ADDRESS_OF_SERVER NAMEWANTED
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| − | can also do the following
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| − | sudo echo "REMOTEIP INSERTPREFERREDNAME" >> /etc/hosts # does the same as above
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| | </source> | | </source> |
| − | ==Other Info==
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| | <source lang="bash"> | | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | cat ~/.bash_history | grep apt-get # Show all the stuff I've tried to install or remove
| + | alias NAME="SOMECOMMAND HERE" # creates and alias for a command |
| | </source> | | </source> |
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| | <source lang="bash"> | | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | ssh -NR 1234:localhost:22 cy.rusty.space # Make an SSH connection to my machine temporarily available on port 1234 in the server:
| + | chown -R USER:USER FILE/NAME # change all permission |
| | </source> | | </source> |
| | | | |
| − | When you're not sure what the syntax is type
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| | <source lang="bash"> | | <source lang="bash"> |
| − | apropos KEYWORD # helps find the correct syntax user is looking for
| + | ln -s /PATH/TO/SOMETHING/REAL /usr/local/bin/NAME # makes a file you choose to run by typing an alias |
| | </source> | | </source> |
| − | If a file in the shell has spacebars used instead of _ or - I need to use a backward \ if I'm trying to do anything with it.
| |
Useful Commands and Info
ls-al # lists all in current directory
rm -rf FILENAMEHERE # deletes files or directories
chmod +x FILENAME # sets all permissions
mv /FILE/NAME /NEW/LOCATION # moves files
mv /FILE/NAME NEWFILENAMEHERE # renames the file
pwd # prints working directory
top # shows all running processes
kill xxxx # choose the process number to kill the running application
tar xzvf FILENAME # extracts zip files
crontab -e # access boot services
@reboot<TAB> /DESTINATION/OF/FILE/FILENAME # Run a program when rebooting NOTE!! I have to put this in the crontab -e config
ifconfig # shows internet config
whoami # shows current user
ps # shows running processes
sudo nano etc/default/grub # grub info
sudo update-grub # update after making edits to grub
alias NAME="SOMECOMMAND HERE" # creates and alias for a command
chown -R USER:USER FILE/NAME # change all permission
ln -s /PATH/TO/SOMETHING/REAL /usr/local/bin/NAME # makes a file you choose to run by typing an alias
