rsync

rsync is an open source utility that provides fast incremental file transfer. rsync is freely available under the GNU General Public License and is currently being maintained by Wayne Davison.

rsync uses the "rsync algorithm" which provides a very fast method for bringing remote files into sync. It does this by sending just the differences in the files across the link, without requiring that both sets of files are present at one of the ends of the link beforehand.

Some features of rsync include

• Can update whole directory trees and filesystems
• Optionally preserves symbolic links, hard links, file ownership, permissions, devices and times
• Requires no special privileges to install
• Internal pipelining reduces latency for multiple files
• Can use rsh, ssh or direct sockets as the transport
• Supports anonymous rsync which is ideal for mirroring

Using rsync over SSH

Sometimes it's useful to do a one-off backup of a file structure from one host to another, and since all the hosts (in our system) are guaranteed to be able to connect to each other with SSH (after adding appropriate RSA keys), using rsync over SSH is a good way to do this.

The transfer syntax is then done very similarly to SCP, for example to pull new changes from a remote directory to a local one, use:

<bash>rsync -avz -e ssh remoteuser@remotehost:/remote/dir /this/dir/</bash>

After the systems are confirmed as being able to connect over SSH you may want to lock them down so that the connection between them can only be used for rsync. The IP and command can be prepended to the key in the remote hosts ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.

from="1.2.3.4",no-agent-forwarding,no-port-forwarding,no-pty,no-user-rc,no-X11-forwarding ssh-rsa AAAAB...

For more security, the command allowed can be restricted to just that specific rsync command. This can be done by manually running the rsync command with the -e'ssh -v' option which will output the exact command sent that can be used in the remote hosts authorized_keys file instead of just "rsync".

Backing up Maildirs with Rsync

Backing up Maildirs can be a problem with many target systems (even non-Windows ones) because many filesystems don't allow colons in file names. This problem occurs for us using the ADrive backup service.

We've over come this problem using the transliterate patch which adds a --tr=BAD/GOOD option for mapping bad characters to good ones.

To install the patch you need to download and unpack the latest source and the patches, then change into the source directory and do the following:

<bash> patch -p1 <patches/transliterate.diff ./configure make make install </bash>

You can't use this option to backup directory to the target server unless the target also has the transliterate patch installed. If it's not installed on the server you'll need to do a two-stage backup. The first to a local directory using the --tr option, and second synchronising this local directory (that has all the colons replaced) with the remote server without the --tr option. Here's an example taken from our daily backup script.

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Using encryption with EncFS

Another option which has not been tested yet is to use EncFS which can be installed simply via apt-get. EncFS allows a directory to be mounted in encrypted form so that this encrypted version could then be synchronised with rsync, it even has an option specifically for this purpose as described by this section from the man page.

--reverse Normally EncFS provides a plaintext view of data on demand. Normally it stores enciphered data and displays plaintext data. With --reverse it takes as source plaintext data and produces enciphered data on-demand. This can be useful for creating remote encrypted backups, where you do not wish to keep the local files unencrypted.

For example, the following would create an encrypted view in /tmp/crypt-view.

<bash>encfs --reverse /home/me /tmp/crypt-view</bash>

You could then copy the /tmp/crypt-view directory in order to have a copy of the encrypted data. You must also keep a copy of the file /home/me/.encfs5 which contains the filesystem information. Together, the two can be used to reproduce the unencrypted data:

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Now /tmp/plain-view contains the same data as /home/me.

Note that --reverse mode only works with limited configuration options, so many settings may be disabled when used.

This --reverse option may not be quite what we're after though because it may then need to encrypt the entire structure every time the encrypted view is requested for backup.

Ideally what we need from EncFS is the following three important features:

• A one-to-one correspondence of file and directory objects between the plain and encrypted views so that rsync can still only update new files.
• Encrypted names of the file and directories so that the rsync --tr option is redundant.
• Ability to maintain a local encrypted view so that EncFS is only activated for the rsync operation and it only needs to encrypt new out of date information from the source structure.

I don't know yet if EncFS supports these requirements as further testing is required.