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| − | {{news|title=Upper Ontologies: The New Generic Organisation|img=|msg=
| + | #redirect [[Foundation ontology]] |
| − | Many of the original ideals of [[the project]] are now manifest in the techologies we see in use today. For example [[w:Distributed Hash Tables|Distributed Hash Tables]] are now being used as semantic [[w:overlay network|overlay network]]s. The new distributed computational spaces are now moving from older [[w:Tuple space|tuple space]] models to modern semantic ''triple-space'' or ''triple-store'' models using [[w:RDF triple|RDF triple]]-based structure as associations. All this is complemented by [[w:Grid computing|grid]] [[w:middleware|middleware]] technology which is built on exactly defined [[w:Service Level Agreement|Service Level Agreement]]s between all entities; Human, machine, resource, processes etc which allow the automated balanced reduction of workload.
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| − | The "supreme ultimate killer application" that seems to be trying to emerge from this whole ''semantic-p2p-grid-OS'' movement is nowadays a question about [[w:upper ontology|upper ontologies]] and whether or not there can be a single unified top level ontology.
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| − | An upper ontology (also called a ''top-level ontology'', or ''foundation ontology'') is an attempt to create an [[w:Ontology (computer science)|ontology]] which describes very general concepts that are the same across all domains of knowledge and organisation. The aim is to have a large number on ontologies accessible under this upper ontology. It is usually a [[w:hierarchy|hierarchy]] of entities and associated rules that attempts to describe those general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain.
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| − | There are many contenders for the position as the most general top-level ontology, but surely all would be describing the same set of fundamental concepts? such as defining resources, processes, roles, relationships, space and time etc. So at the end of the day, one can just choose the upper ontology that suits the situation best and all patterns can be easily mapped across to other upper ontologies when necessary.
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| − | The direction of [[Organic Design]] in its goal of using the available technology to implement the principles of [[the project]] is shifted from development of the lower-level, to the modelling of the application using one of these new ontologies. The application to be modelled is an [[RDF|RDF-triple-space]] built on an existing [[DHT]] (probably Chimera). The processing layer reduces the workload generated by the interface which is a wiki-like organisational system with a lean towards more application-level content such as accounts and contacts rather than just text and media.
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| − | The question to be answered then is what is the best upper ontology to use? Here's some information on a couple of the key contenders, see the [[semantic web]] article for more links.
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| − | ;General Formal Ontology (GFO)
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| − | The [http://www.onto-med.de/en/theories/gfo/index.html GFO] is an upper ontology integrating processes and objects. GFO has been developed by Heinrich Herre, Barbara Heller and collaborators (research group [http://www.onto-med.de/ Onto-Med]) in Leipzig. Although GFO provides one taxonomic tree, different axiom systems may be chosen for its modules. In this sense, GFO provides a framework for building custom, domain-specific ontologies. GFO exhibits a three-layered meta-ontological architecture consisting of an abstract top level, an abstract core level, and a basic level.
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| − | ;Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO)
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| − | [http://www.ontologyportal.org/ SUMO] and its domain ontologies form the largest formal public ontology in existence today. They are being used for research and applications in search, linguistics and reasoning. SUMO is the only formal ontology that has been mapped to all of the [http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ WordNet] lexicon. SUMO is written in the [http://sigmakee.cvs.sourceforge.net/*checkout*/sigmakee/sigma/suo-kif.pdf SUO-KIF] language. SUMO is free and owned by the IEEE. The ontologies that extend SUMO are available under [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GPL]. [http://home.earthlink.net/~adampease/professional/ Adam Pease] is the Technical Editor of SUMO.
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| − | }}
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| − | [[Category:Web3.0]]
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